APA Citation Style Examples
Print Sources
BOOKS
Author, A.A. (Year of publication). Book title: Subtitle also starts with capital letter. Location: Publisher.
One author
Nathan, A.J. (1990). China's crisis: Dilemmas of reform and prospects for democracy. New York: Columbia University Press.
Two authors
Ross, C.S., & Dewdney, P. (1998). Communicating professionally: A how-to-do manual for library applications. New York: Neal-Schuman Publishers.
Three to six authors
Marquart, J.W., Olson, S.E., & Sorensen, J.R. (1994). The rope, the chair, and the needle: Capital punishment in Texas, 1923-1990. Austin: University of Texas Press.
More than six authors
Roeder, K., Howdeshell, J., Fulton, L., Lochhead, M., Craig, K., Peterson, R., et al. (1967). Nerve cells and insect behavior. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
No author
Webster's ninth new collegiate dictionary. (1988). Springfield, MA: Merriam-Webster Inc.
Corporate author
American Hospital Associaation. (1993). American Hospital Association guide to the health care field. Chicago: Author.
Editor(s)
Bent, J., & Humphreys, K.K. (Eds.). (1996). Cost Engineering: Vol. 4. Effective Project Management Through Applied Cost and Schedule Control. New York: Marcell Dekker, Inc.
Author and editor or translator
Esquivel, L. (1992). Like water for chocolate: A novel in monthly installments, with recipes, romances, and home remedies. C. Christensen & T. Christensen, Trans.). New York: Doubleday.
Edition
Michell, T.R., & Larson, J., Jr. (1987). People in organizations: An introduction to organizational behavior (3rd ed.). New York: McGraw-Hill.
Books in several volumes
Inge, M.T. (Ed.). (1989). Handbook of American popular culture (2nd ed., Vol. 103). New York: Greenwood Press.
Essay or article in a collection
Massaro, D. (1992). Broadening the domain of the fuzzy logic model of perception. In H.L. Pick Jr., P. Van den Broek, and D.C. Knill (Eds.), Cognition: Conceptual and methodological issues (pp.51-84). Washington, DC: American Psychological Association.
Bulletin or govt. publication
U.S. Attorney General's Commission on Pornography. (1986). Attorney General's Commission on Pornography: Final report. Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office.
ENCYCLOPEDIA & DICTIONARY ENTRIES
Author, A.A. (Year). Title of article. In Title of encyclopedia. (Volume #, pagination). Location: Publisher.
Title of article. (Year). In Title of encyclopedia. (Volume #, pagination). Location: Publisher.
Signed or initialed
Hensel, J.W. (1999(. Technical education. In Encyclopedia Americana (International ed., Vol. 26, pp.354-356). Danbury, CT: Grolier.
Unsigned
Methane. (1990). In Encyclopedia Americana (International ed., Vol. 18, pp.321-322). Danbury, CT: Grolier.
Dictionary
Merriam-Webster's collegiate dictionary (10th ed.). (1993). Springfield, MA: Merriam-Webster.
MAGAZINE, JOURNAL, AND NEWSPAPER ARTICLES
Author, A.A. (Date of publication). Title of article. Title of journal, vol.# (issue #), pagination.
Weekly or biweekly magazine - signed
Stone, R. (1999, August 6). A long march to save Africa's dwindling wild lands. Science, 285, 825.
Weekly or bioweekly magazine - unsigned
The decade of the spy. (1994, March 7). Newsweek, 123, 26-27.
Monthly or bimonthly magazine - signed
Frank, M. (1993, June). The wild, wild West. Architectural Digest, 20, 180-185, 193.
Journal article (consecutive pagination)
Cole, T.B. (1999). Case management for domestic violence. Journal of the American Medical Association, 282, 513-514.
Journal article (pagination by issue)
Klimosky, R, & Palmer, S. (1993). The ADA and the hiring process in organizations. Consulting Psychology Journal: Practice and Research, 45(2), 10-36.
Online journal article
Booth, M. (1997, January 6). Protecting quality under Medicaid managed care. Online Journal of Issues in Nursing. Retrieved November 24, 2003, from http://www.nursingworld.org/ojin/tpc2_4.htm
Newspaper - signed
Trachtenberg, J.A. (1994, April 10). What's in a movie soundtrack? Catchy tunes and big business. Wall Street Journal [Eastern Edition], p.B 1.
Newspaper or editorial - unsigned
Southpaws: Today, think of those with a different side. (1999, August 13). The Detroit Free Press, p. A10.
Review
Schillinger, L. (1999, August 8). Arbor days [Review of the book Life in the treetops: Adventures of a woman in field biology]. The New York Times Book Review, 104, 4.
MISCELLANEOUS AND UNPUBLISHED
Opposing viewpoints
Loos, R. (1996). Hunting animals is morally acceptable. In A. Harnack (Ed.), Animal rights: Opposing viewpoints. (Reprinted from The Conservationist, 10-15, 1993, October).
Brochure/ pamphlet
National Cancer Institute. (2000, June). Cancer research - because lives depend on it [Brochure]. Bethesda, MD: Author.
Paper presented, speech delivered, but not published
Torline, D.R. (1993, November). Handling difficult people: Quadrant theory approach. Paper presented at the meeting of Backer College Travel Club, Flint, MI.
Interview, letters, memos Personal email, conversation
Do not include in reference list; cite in text only. Examples of in-text citations in next section.
Doctoral dissertation
Taylor, A.S. (1986). Dual career couples and geographic transfer: Executive's reaction to commuter marriage and attitude toward the move. Dissertation Abstracts International, 47, 10B. (UMI No. AAA8701827).
Annual report
Home Depot. (2001). Home Depot 2000 Annual Report. Atlanta, GA: Author.
LIBRARY DATABASES
Author, A.A. (Year). Title of the article. Name of the Periodical, vol., page-page. Retrieved from .
InfoTrac
Marino, S. (1999). The difference between managing and leading. Industry Week, 248(11), 10. Retrieved June 21, 1999, from General Reference Center Gold database.
ProQuest
Amatori, F. (1999, Summer). European business: New strategies, old structures. Foreign Policy, 115, 78-89. Retrieved June 30, 1999, from ABI/INFORM Global database.
NewsBank
Oppenheimer, M. (2001, June 15). His words redefined a nation's expectations. The Hartford Courant, p. A1. Retrieved January 16, 2004, from NewsBank on-line database.
E-book
Zeinert, K. (1997). Those courageous women of the Civil War. Brookfield, CT: Millbrook Press. Retrieved March 6, 2001, from netLibrary: http://www.netLibrary.com/
WWW RESOURCES
Author, A.A. . (Date of publication; write n.d. if there is no date). Title of article or chapter. In Book Title (omit Ain@ for articles). Retrieved [month, day, year], from [URL].
Internet article based on a print source
Honeycutt, E.D., Glassman, M., Zugelder, M.T., & Karande, K. (2001, July). Determinants of ethical behavior: A study of auto salesperople [Electronic version]. Journal of Business Ethics, 32(1), 69-79.
Chapter or a section of an online document
The Foundation for a Better World. (2000). Pollution and banana cream pie. In Great chefs cook with chlorofluorocarbons and carbon monoxide (Chap. 3). Retrieved July 13, 2001, from http://www.bamm.com/cream/pollution/bananas.htm
Article in an internet-only journal
Booth, M. (1997, January 6). Protecting quality under Medicaid managed care. Online Journal of Issues in Nursing. Retrieved November 24, 2003, from http://www.nursingworld.org/oji8n/tpc2_4.htm
Daily newspaper article, electronic version
Hilts, P.J. (1999, February 16). In forecasting their emotions, most people flunk out. New York Times. Retrieved November 21, 2000, from http://www.nytimes.com
Article in an electronic magazine (e-zine)
Adler, J. (1999, May 17). Ghost of Everest. Newsweek. Retrieved May 19, 1999, from http://newsweek.com/nw-srv/issue/20_99a/printed/int/socu/so0120_1.htm
Article from an online encyclopedia
Bergmann, P.G. & Editors of Encyclopedia Britannica Online. (1994-1999). Relativity. Encyclopedia Britannica Online. Retrieved August 4, 1999, from Encyclopedia Britannica Online on the World Wide Web: http://search.eb.com/bol/topic?eu=117376&sctn=1
Document on an academic department Web site
Gordon, C.H., Simmons, P., & Wynn, G. (2001). Plagiarism: What it is, and how to avoid it. Retrieved July 24, 2001, from Biology Program Guide 2001/2002 at the University of British Columbia Web site: http://www.zoology.ubc.ca/bpg/plagiarism.htm
Dissertations from an online database
Embar-Seddon, A.R. (2000). Perceptions of violence in the emergency department. [Abstract]. Dissertation Abstracts International, 61(02), 776A. Retrieved August 23, 2001, from http://www.lib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit9963641
Government report obtained online
U.S. Public Health Service. (2000). Report of the surgeon general's conference on children's mental health: A national section agenda. Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Health and Human Services. Retrieved August 25, 2001, from http://www.surgeongeneral.gov/chilreport.htm
Report on a private organization's Web site
Nike, Inc. (2001). Annual Report 2001. Retrieved September 13, 2001, from the Nike, Inc. Web site http://www.nike.com
Technical or research report
University of California, San Francisco, Institute for Health and Aging. (1996, November). Chronic care in America: A 21st century challenge. Retrieved September 9, 2000, from the Robert Wood Foundation Web site: http://www.rwjf.org/library/chrcare
Articles with no author and/or publication date available
Computer based ergonomics. (n.d.). Retrieved September 26, 2001, from http://www.ergoweb.com
United States Sentencing Commission. (n.d.). 1997 sourcebook of federal sentencing statistics. Retrieved December 8, 1999, from http://www.ussc.gov/annrpt/1997/sbtoc97.htm
Greater Hattiesburg Civic Awareness Group, Task Force on Sheltered Programs. (n.d.). Fund-raising efforts. Retrieved November 10, 2001, from http://www.hattiesburgcag.org
IN-TEXT CITATIONS & DIRECT QUOTATIONS
One work/one author
Nathan (1999) observes that...
Or
An earlier work on democracy in China (Nathan, 1990, p.28) points out...
One work/ multiple authors
first citation: Marquart, Olson, and Sorensen (1994) concluded...
Subsequent first citation: Marquart et al (1994) concluded...
In subsequent citations after first citation, same paragraph: Marquart et al concluded...
Six or more authors, first and subsequent citations: Roeder et al. (1967) proposed....
Groups as authors (use of acronyms)
first in-text citation: (American Hospital Association [AHA], 1993
subsequent in-text citations: (AHA, 1993)
No author/ anonymous author
New definitions for scientific terms now include debated concepts (Webster's ninth new collegiate dictionary, 1988, p.10)
According to the polls, public opinion is split on several issues (ASouthpaws,@ 1999, p.13)
Multiple works cited in one parenthesis
Several works (Nathan, 1990; Ross & Dewdney, 1998) demonstrate...
Recent reports (American Medical Association [AMA], 2003, 2004, in press)
Specific parts (page, section, paragraph), print/ electronic documents
A recent work on organizational behavior (Mitchell & Larson, 1987, p.33)...
The analysis on trends in domestic violence (Cole, 1999, chap. 3) shows...
The Great Ape Project [GAP] has stirred controversy in the UK (Kirby, 1999, Shared Path section, para. 6).
Personal communication (interview, email, memo, phone conversation, etc.)
A.P. Smith also claimed that many of her students had difficulties with APA style (personal communication, November 3, 2002)
George Soros outlined several problems (personal communication, October 23, 1966)...
A recent memo (Michael Smith, personal communication, September 20, 2004)...
Direct quotes, various forms
Direct quotation with author's name in text:
Marino (1999) disagrees with the common definitions of Aleadership@ and Amanagement,@ and offered the following explanation: In my opinion, managers and leaders have significantly different personalities and there should be no confusion abut what those differences are, or how the functions performed by managers and leaders differ. There are many simpler, shorter, starker, and more significant ways to describe those innate differences. (p.10)
Direct quotation with author's name in parentheses:
In contrast to commonly held definitions, Amanagers and leaders have significantly different personalities and there should be no confusion about what those differences are, or how the functions performed by managers and leaders differ@ (Marino, 1999, p.10).
Direct quotation in text (40 words or fewer)
(1999) reports that some critics have accused activists in the Great Ape Project of Aexaggerating the supposed similarities of the apes [to humans] to stop their use in experiments@ (Shared Path section, para. 6).
Block quotation (40 words or more)
Kirby (1999) reports on the controversy surrounding the proposed rights for apes:
Dr. Goodall says GAP is not about human rights, but about starting to extend to other species Acertain basic rights that we extend to the human family@. Some say that, because the apes look like us, we cease to be objective and start seeing similarities where none exist. Others believe GAP is exaggerating the supposed similarities of the apes to stop their use in experiments. Some of these counter arguments are featured in this week's New Scientist. (Shared Path section, para.4)